As Adorno’s posthumous writings were released, a notable turn in his phi- losophy of music became noteworthy: by revealing an ambitious project on Beethoven, a quasi-axiomatic theory of musical time emerged, which seems to guide Adornian thought at very significant works and texts, as Philosophy of New Music. Sketched in three configuration types of musical time, this theory surprises with the so-called “ex- tensive type”. Adorno would then admit kinds of formal consistency (Stimmigkeit) that are not restricted to the ideal (...) of development (Entwicklung) and assumes the possibility of a non-regressive spatialization, which contrasts with his own ontological definition of the medium. This paper discusses the contradictions of extensive type by presenting an analysis of the Archduke Trio op. 97, in the light of the well-known originary affinity between Beethoven and Hegel. At last, the text presents by which means and for what reasons the extensive type would lead Adorno to the last and most decisive modality of musical time’s configuration, the late style. (shrink)

This translation provides a Portuguese version of “The History of Dialectics”, written by Herbert Marcuse. The original was published as an encyclopedia entry on “Dialectics”, in Marxism, Communism, and Western Societies: A Comparative Encyclopaedia (New York: Herder and Herder, 1972). It starts by presenting a detailed analysis of “The Significance of Dialectics in Ancient Philosophy”, since Zeno, the Sophists and Socrates to Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics and Plotinus. Further on, Marcuse writes a section on “The Significance of Dialectics in Kant, (...) Fichte and Hegel”; he finally concludes with an approach to “The Meaning and Significance of Dialectics in Marx”, the only philosopher who was bestowed with a whole section. Overall, this text exhibits a very comprehensive, qualified analysis of the history of dialectics and reveals Marcuse as a first-rated philosophical scholar in the concept of dialectics. (shrink)

O presente artigo objetiva refletir sobre os impactos da globalização econômica na cultura contemporânea. O processo acelerado de transformação da cultura e das relações sociais distingue-se de outros processos de mudança estrutural porque as mudanças no campo da economia desde a década de 1980 provocaram uma grave crise cultural. O que mais caracteriza os novos tempos é a expansão do mercado que se torna omniabrangente e omnipresente, transformando as relações humanas em relações de mercado. Globalização neoliberal e a expansão do (...) mercado se articulam e isso gera profunda crise da cultura. A racionalização produzida pela modernidade reduziu o ser humano e a natureza aos interesses produtivos. A crise na primeira modernidade faz emergir outra redução: a razão substituida pela sensação. Daí caminha-se para um radical individualismo, até ao indiferentismo e a recusa de se buscar um sentido ou significado para a experiência e a vida humana. Essa realidade oferece riscos para o Cristianismo e as religiões. Elas podem ceder à tentação do mercado, à satisfação do desejo, do gozo superegóico, com dupla conseqüência: ou oferecendo uma religião de consumo e da prosperidade econômica, ou o fundamentalismo que leva os fiéis à renunciarem à sua autonomia e se submeterem às lideranças religiosas da “Ordem Simbólica”. Na conclusão o artigo apresenta as mais recentes críticas do cristianismo a essa realidade, retomando o pensamento de João XXIII, Paulo VI e João Paulo II. Palavras-chave : Cristianismo; Globalização; Economia; Cultura Contemporânea, Ensino Social da IgrejaThis article aims to reflect on the impacts of globalization economy in contemporary culture. The accelerated transformation of culture and of social relations differs from other processes of structural changes because change in the field of economy have caused serious cultural crisis since the 1980s. What best characterizes the new era is the expansion of market that has increasingly been “all embracing” and “omnipresent”, thus transforming human relations in market relations. Neoliberal globalization and the expansion of market articulate themselves thus producing a deep crisis of culture. Rationalization produced by modernity has reduced human being and nature to productive interests. Crisis in early modernity brings out another reduction: the one of reason replaced by sensation. In this way one can say that it has emerged a radical individualism and even a kind of indifferentism as well as the refusal to look for a sense or a meaning to the experience and human life. This reality presents some risks to Christianity and religions. They may succumb to the temptation of the market, satisfaction of desire and hiper egoic enjoyment, with double consequence: or by offering a religion based on consumerism and on economic prosperity, or by offering a fundamentalistic perspective that leads believers to renounce their autonomy and submit themselves to the religious leaders of the "Symbolic Order ". This articles ends up by presenting the most recent criticism of Christianity to this reality, returning to the thought of the popes John XXIII, Paul VI and John Paul II.] Key words : Christianity; Globalizing; Economics; Contemporary culture, Church’s Social Teaching. (shrink)

Este artigo objetiva apresentar os resultados de uma investigação sobre a influência do contexto histórico-literário do niilismo russo — com destaque para o papel desempenhado pelo romance Pais e Filhos — no desenvolvimento das primeiras reflexões de Nietzsche sobre o niilismo, as quais foram registradas em dois textos póstumos de 1880. Principiando com um esclarecimento sobre a origem da palavra niilismo, o texto prossegue com uma caracterização do contexto social, político e cultural do Império Russo na segunda metade do século (...) XIX. Na sequência, apresentamos uma análise das diferentes definições do que é um niilista apresentadas no romance de Ivan Turguêniev para, em seguida, investigar o impacto que esta publicação gerou na sociedade russa da época. A partir de todos esses subsídios históricos, a última parte do artigo apresenta uma interpretação dos dois fragmentos póstumos que dialoga diretamente com a interpretação desenvolvida por Elisabeth Kuhn, ora concordando, ora refutando certos aspectos dela. (shrink)

The exchange of goods and services between individuals is often formalised by a contract in which the parties establish norms to define what is expected of each one. Norms use deontic statements of obligation, prohibition, and permission, which may be in conflict. The task of manually detecting norm conflicts can be time–consuming and error-prone since contracts can be vast and complex. To automate such tasks, we develop an approach to identify potential conflicts between norms. We show the effectiveness of our (...) approach and its individual components empirically using two publicly available corpora, and contribute with a new annotated test corpus for norm conflict identification. (shrink)

O caráter polêmico e a relevância da obra de David Hume são indisputáveis. Neste livro, discute-se a visão do filósofo sobre a teoria do conhecimento e da ciência, além de tópicos mais particulares, mas nem por isso menos cruciais, como sua crítica ao finalismo, sua relevância para a leitura de Freud e a tese humeana, retomada por Quine, da continuidade entre conhecimento comum e teórico.

The events of September 11th, 2001 have irreversibly marked the outlook of the entire world in the beginning of the twentieth-first century and its consequences will certainly continue to be felt for years to come. Although relatively new, such events have not passed without receiving attention from some among the foremost thinkers of our time. Given that, we intend to develop an interpretative hypothesis which, starting from the perspective opened by the reflections of Friedrich Nietzsche concerning the nihilism and the (...) great politics, seeks to understand both the violent actions which try to justify themselves from a fundamentalist world view as well as the recent political and military configuration of the U.S. liberal democracy as different forms of reaction against the deepening of the value crisis ​​through which the Western world passes. (shrink)

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion.

The aim of this article is to set forth conjectures that are likely to explain the inclusion of Plato and Hermes as heralds of Mani in the testimony of Ephrem of Syria. This incorporation should be set against the background of the Syrian religious milieu, which was influenced by both Hellenistic philosophy and Eastern religious traditions. Therefore, it would be better to seek a religious and philosophical environment wherein Plato and Hermes were associated. Keywords: Manichaeism, apocalypticism, theurgy, hermetism, Merkabah mysticism, (...) late platonism. (shrink)

O projeto acadêmico de Habermas busca contribuir para a realização das metas emancipatórias da modernidade, através da teoria da ação comunicativa. Portanto, será examinado aqui se o processo de racionalização da sociedade moderna, presente na teoria da ação comunicativa, realmente representa um potencial para a emancipação humana. Primeiramente, pretende-se abordar no respectivo trabalho os principais conceitos que Habermas utiliza em sua teoria da ação comunicativa. Em um segundo momento, serão explorados os elementos fundamentais da teoria da sociedade. Após isso, será (...) analisada a teoria da modernidade e a sua relação com a teoria da sociedade. Tal caminho terá o objetivo de investigar a possibilidade de resgate do projeto da modernidade, ao explicar a possibilidade da teoria da ação comunicativa ser considerada o potenciador emancipatório da sociedade moderna, formando tanto o cidadão como um indivíduo autônomo, preservando a sua identidade pessoal, quanto o cidadão como participante de uma sociedade política, possuidor de uma identidade cultural, étnica, entre outras, que abrange variados grupos sociais. (shrink)

SummaryThe history of languages is closely related to the history of other human activities. Ideally, hypotheses that are designed for linguistic questions on independent grounds should help to consolidate theories in other knowledge fields, such as the history of ideas. This paper deals with the first Portuguese translation of Forbonnais's Elémens du commerce, considering it as a lexical corpus. The linguistic analysis aims to contribute to the general knowledge about this text and its translations. Furthermore, a lexical analysis of Portuguese (...) data can also be understood in the broader context of Romance languages. To this end, we analysed three linguistic expressions, perceived to be representative case-studies: identifying circulação as a terminological loan, the terminological use of a common word and the contrast between terms from different languages. Translations are obvious tools for communicating new ideas. Carrying out linguistic analyses of translations can help to document how ideas take shape. Furthermore, translation studies provide linguistic evidence that is essential for the study of terminology from a diachronic and inter-linguistic standpoint. Data provided by translated texts helps to clarify the date when neologisms were first introduced in a given language. It also helps to identify possible sources of words and to decode the meaning behind lexical innovation. This paper is an example of the output of a contrastive lexicographic approach to Forbonnais's text. (shrink)

Russell's The Problems of Philosophy tries to establish a new theory of induction, at the same time that Hume is there accused of an irrational/ scepticism about induction". But a careful analysis of the theory of knowledge explicitly acknowledged by Hume reveals that, contrary to the standard interpretation in the XXth century, possibly influenced by Russell, Hume deals exclusively with causal inference (which he never classifies as "causal induction", although now we are entitled to do so), never with inductive inference (...) in general, mainly generalizations about sensible qualities of objects ( whether, e.g., "all crows are black" or not is not among Hume's concerns). Russell's theories are thus only false alternatives to Hume's, in (1912) or in his (1948). (shrink)

The associationist interpretation of Hume's account of causal belief is criticized. The origin of this mistaken interpretation is explained. The difference between Hume's views in the Treatise of Human Nature and in An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding is examined.

An interview with the professor and philosopher Emmanuel Falque, in the context of his passage through the University of Coimbra, in the context of the Journée Internationale d’études philosophiques, which will take place on 26 May 2022, at the Faculty of Letters, entitled: «L’im‑pensable : Aux confins de la phénoménalité». In this interview, In this interview, our author coming to his entire philosophical project, from its origins to his most recent scientific production. The philosopher tells us about the provenance of (...) his thought through his main philosophical works and his existential interpretation and phenomenological reading of patristic and medieval philosophy as well as his debates with phenomenology and contemporary philosophy, particularly French philosophy. Here the epistemological and metaphysical question between philosophy and theology, literature and aesthetics, psychoanalysis and phenomenology is also addressed; the concept of «corps épandu», the corporeality or the embodiment as the cardinal point of human finitude and its incessant search to think our «humanity in common». Emmanuel Falque also presents us in this interview the genesis and the fundamental idea of Hors phénomène, as the central axis of his global philosophical project, but also as the revelation of a certain «turning point», inflexion or even of «radicalization» of his démarche, as well as its possible consequences to rethink aesthetics, ethics, politics and theology. The French thinker also talks to us here about the future of philosophy and the new horizons of his reflection (the new triptych...), about the authors and figures in the history of thought (philosophers or others) who have influenced and impacted his own philosophical‑existential path. Thus, the work of a thinker-philosopher is always an ex-position of himself to others, permanently thinking the world of life, the embodiment of reason in the folds of history. (shrink)

O escopo deste trabalho é abordar o percurso ético-cognitivo necessário para a efetivação do papel do filósofo presente no Fédon, um dos diálogos mais famosos de Platão, levando em consideração novas concepções decorrentes de um já conhecido embate hermenêutico proveniente do altíssimo quilate literário do texto referido. Na presente abordagem, o sensível não ocupa um local pejorativamente secundário e diminuto, constituído de cópias imperfeitas e fonte de enganos, passando, com isso, a exercer uma função de relevância fundamental na construção da (...) filosofia platônica, sendo, portanto, o âmbito da efetivação do exame e do exercício dialético. Aqui, nossa intenção é abordar tal concepção, que engloba tanto o plano sensível quanto o inteligível, fazendo, desta maneira, necessária alusão à incessante busca dialética socrático-platônica, onde a práxis e a conduta ética do indivíduo são fatores imprescindíveis para que ocorra o importantíssimo salto epistêmico rumo a um conhecimento mais verdadeiro e essencial que constituirá o verdadeiro caráter do amante da sabedoria. (shrink)

Diversos argumentos de Bergson. Frege, Sellars. Quinc e outros filósofos podem servir como quadro de referência para uma concepção parcimoniosa da consciência, como disposição de nosso organismo para apreender seus próprios estados. O conhecimento do ambiente em nosso redor e da maior parte dos aspectos do próprio corpo é adquirido indiretamente por essas apreensões, cujo exemplo paradigmático poderia ser a idéia bergsoniana da captação direta da realidade de nosso corpo. Desta perspectiva, o espírito ou mente pode ser concebido como “consciência (...) da consciência”, mas seu conceito não tem qualquer outra utilidade. Basicamente, corpo e consciência são tudo o que temos. (shrink)

Radical skepticism, irrationalism, psychologism, and epistemological despair are popular interpretations of Hume. The theory of causal inference has been supposed to stand at the very heart of Humean skepticism, mainly because of its ‘associationism’. However, the myth of a skeptical Hume—more radical than he really is in his own admitted ‘mitigated skepticism’—has been discredited in recent years. Hume certainly was an associationist about the passions, and moral sentiments, and the rules of justice in society, and many other aspects of human (...) life, as different as literary taste and superstition. There is plenty of evidence of this in Books II and III of the Treatise, in the second Enquiry, in the Dissertation on the Passions and in the Essays. But my main point here is that association of ideas has no cognitive role in his philosophy, beyond serving as “the cement of complex ideas.” Custom or habit do have such a cognitive role, as is well known, and shall be discussed below. (shrink)

Hume é conhecido por sua teoria da indução por repetição, mas em sua filosofia há lugar para inferências derivadas de experiências singulares. Parte do fundamento destas inferências depende de uma regra newtoniana, mas é preciso acrescentar a especificação do tipo de classe de objetos a que pertencem tanto a causa como o efeito – de um modo que pode esclarecer a exata natureza do “empirismo” humiano.

A desigualdade da condição feminina tem como ponto central na análise de Hume a diferença nas atitudes da sociedade perante o dever de castidade. Esta é explicada – pela incerteza da paternidade e suas consequências -, mas nem por isso justificada. Hume aponta também outras desigualdades derivadas de privilégios masculinos injustificáveis. Como no caso das linhagem de nobreza e sobretudo no caso dos fenômenos de sujeição das mulheres pelos homens, que compara aos fenômenos históricos de opressão étnica.

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir três problemas centrais na filosofia de David Hume. O primeiro é o do papel da associação de idéias: no Tratado há dois conceitos distintos dessa associação, falha corrigida na primeira Investigação, em que é eliminado o conceito de “associação costumeira” e não se atribui à associação qualquer papel na formação de inferências causais. O segundo diz respeito ao verdadeiro papel da indução. A filosofia humeana trata da descoberta dos poderes causais dos objetos, sem nunca (...) se ocupar de generalizações acerca de qualidades sensíveis. Hume descobriu o problema da “indução causal”, mas apenas como conseqüência de sua análise da inferência causal. O último de nossos problemas é o do exato conceito humeano daquele instinto que ele chama de “costume ou hábito”. O princípio de Hume mostra ser apenas uma sensibilidade à repetição de conjunções, sendo relevante apenas o elemento “repetição”, sem haver qualquer influência significativa da passagem do tempo, o que impede a interpretação desse princípio como “habituação” ou algo equivalente. Hume: three majors problemsThis article aims to discuss three central problems in David Hume’s philosophy. A first central problem in Hume’s philosophy concerns the role of the association of ideas: there are in the Treatise two distinct concepts of this association, a negligence that was corrected in the first Enquiry, where the concept of “customary association” is eliminated and no role is assigned to association in the formation of causal beliefs. The second is about the real meaning of induction. Hume’s philosophy discusses the discovery of the causal powers of objects, setting aside any generalisation about sensible qualities. Hume did discover the problem of “causal induction”, but only as a consequence of his analysis of causal inference. The last of our three problems concerns the exact Humean concept of the instinct he calls “custom or habit”. It is noticeable that Hume´s principle is just sensitiveness to the repetition of conjunctions, with no meaningful influence of the passage of time, and this goes against any interpretation of this principle as “becoming accustomed” or anything of the kind. (shrink)

A coherent perspectivism should be moderate - or mitigated. It only becomes meaningful against a transperspective background, which is part of both Hume's and Nietzsche's legacies, a "minimalist" conception of causation. Metaphysical necessity must be excluded, but not a naturalistic, Humean harmony between causal thinking and the real world. One without which even Nietzsche's "mistakes with survival value" would hardly make any sense. It is thus that a plausible perspectivism may distinguish itself from mere rhetoric, scepticism, or relativism.

An article by Moulines presents an interesting argument against semantic realism, using Calderôn’s play La Vida en Sueño as a literary device to develop his point. He introduces in the play a new character, a realist philosopher who tries to persuade Prince Segismund to abandon the anti-realist position he maintains, after the experience he undergoes in the play. I introduce a second imaginary realist, who argues for conjectural realism instead of the semantic variety, by means of several sceptical arguments intended (...) to defeat scepticism itself, throwing it in the same boat as anti-realist solipsism. (shrink)

Como o solipsismo metodológico, recusando tanto o "pós-modernismo relativista", o "neo-iluminismo" e qualquer espécie de fundacionismo, pode estabelecer um núcleo de verdades imunes ao ceticismo radical? A supra-conjecturalidade deste solipsismo é o expediente metodológico que baliza as escolhas neste âmbito mais amplo que é o da conjecturalidade. Se neste território a falibilidade é sempre possível, também é nele que se encontra a única racionalidade que somos capazes de constituir. E também as melhores teorias capazes de dar conta de nossas experiências.

A reflexão que aqui propomos pretende ser somente uma nota introdutória ao pensamento do filósofo francês Emmanuel Falque, a partir da sua última obra Hors phénomène: Essai aux confins de la phénoménalité. Para tal, partiremos dos pontos fundamentais do seu livro, colocando-o no interior do seu já amplo, vigoroso e maturado projecto filosófico. Assim, esperamos mostrar não só a génese de um pensamento denso e criativo no âmbito da filosofia fenomenológica, e para além-dela, possivelmente, mas também evidenciar alguns horizontes que (...) está obra poderá abrir no âmbito do pensamento contemporâneo. Aventamos aqui a hipótese de que Hors phénomène constitui, de certo modo, um momento charneira ou de inflexão fundamental no percurso filosófico e intelectual do seu autor. Um conceito pensado e forjado a partir da experiência vivida da radical finitude humana, ou melhor, nos confins de toda a fenomenalidade. (shrink)

In this article we will try to elaborate a reflection around aesthetic experience, more specifically a phenomenology of artwork (Soutine/de Kooning), in dialogue with Emmanuel Falque's thought. Even if the French philosopher has not yet dedicated an autonomous work to the aesthetic question, such reflection appears abundantly dispersed and sparse in his various writings. Among others, Francis Bacon and Lucian Freud were Falque's artists of choice, their work most closely reflected his underlying philosophical thesis. The preference for the figurative, that (...) which in us resists phenomenology, the incarnation as such, would thus bring the philosophical concept and the artistic intuition closer together. However, between figurative and non-figurative or abstract thought, is there not another possibility of thinking them together, without necessarily having to give primacy to one or the other or opposing them? The idea of an oblique incarnate thought (figuration-abstraction, resistance-deflagration, word-silence), or of the diagonal/oblique impastoed being (presence in absence, metamorphosed transcendental materiality, indirect ontology), might also be a third way of thinking about the great philosophical questions between realism and idealism, immanence and transcendence, visible and invisible, metaphysics and phenomenology. In this sense, the artistic work of Chaïm Soutine and de Kooning may be the aesthetic expression of incarnate thought, as a way of primordial access to being, to the world and to another, in the joining in act of the figurative and the abstract, as if multiple possibilities or dimensions of being inhabited in the same being (the articulation of the in-itself and the outside of the self, madness and normality, dream and reality...). Not by chance both were the subject of a recent joint exhibition, from which we propose this reflection, in dialogue with Emmanuel Falque's thought on finitude, which his most recent book radicalises. Our thesis, based on these two artists, aims to affirm that art, whether figurative or abstract, starts from an inalienable material dimension, that is to say, a sensitive dimension, the impasted (body) being, to the point that we may say that Hors phénomène maintains in itself this possibility of articulation between presence to the self and the outside of the self, distance and proximity, immanence and transcendence, even if here and there one can glimpse in its philosophical project an ontological preference for the figurative. However, in our view, what brings together Falque’s philosophy and the work of both artists is the fact that they are the expression of an embodied thought, whether through conceptual experience (philosophy) or through perceptual experience (aesthetics). (shrink)

Ce dossier thématique, consacré au passage du philosophe Emmanuel Falque par l’Université de Coimbra, à la Faculté des Lettres, dans le cadre de la Journée Internationale d’études philosophiques, intitulée «L’im‑pensable: Aux confins de la phénoménalité», qui a eu lieu le 26 mai 2022, donne encore une fois la parole au philosophe lui‑même, avec des articles et un entretien inédit, en présentant aussi un ensemble d’articles qui font écho à son projet philosophique.

Background: Organ donation and transplantation represent one of the most important scientific advances over the last decades. Due to the complexity of these procedures and related ethical–legal aspects, however, there are a lot of doubts and uncertainty about the brain death diagnosis and the maintenance of potential organ donor. Aim: To identify and discuss the different meanings and experiences of registered nurses and physicians from an adult intensive care unit in relation to the diagnosis of brain death and the maintenance (...) of potential organ donors for transplantation purposes. Study Design: Participants were registered nurses and physicians from an adult intensive care unit at a University Hospital from Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing Research Ethics Committee. Results: Two main categories emerged from the analysis: brain death diagnosis and its implications and maintenance of the potential organ donor and its repercussion in the donation–transplantation process. Six subcategories were also identified: understanding the brain death diagnosis as a tool to aid decision-making; diagnosis as guarantee of rights; difficulties encountered to establish the diagnosis; clinical criteria adopted in Brazil and related ethical–legal aspects; specificities of care to the brain dead person and outcomes; and nurse’s duties toward the brain dead person. Conclusion: Although the brain death diagnosis is scientifically and legally defined in Brazil and the maintenance of the potential organ donor for transplantation purposes has been addressed during the last years, there are still some doubts about the subject, as its understanding varies according to the personal beliefs, culture, and educational background of individuals, including those who work in this scenario. (shrink)

We verified moral distress related to organ shortage for transplantation in nursing students. This quantitative pilot study analyzed data from 104 nursing undergraduate students. Data were collected through a survey composed of four questions and two sociodemographic items. The chi-squared test was used to examine categorical variables, whereas continuous variable data were analyzed using ANOVA and the Pearson Product Moment correlational test for determining the existence of moral distress regarding the availability of one heart for four individuals susceptible to heart (...) transplantation. A high level of moral distress was identified with regard to the hypothetical decision-making process, which justifies the need for further studies on the subject. Given the hypothetical scenario, moral distress was observed among the students, reaching severe distress in some cases. Approval CEP-University of Alberta Pro00068610. (shrink)